This complex system models the dynamics and impacts of transportation efficacy and efficiency of sustainable urban transportation in Durham Region. Within the Regional Municipality of Durham, there are eight local Municipalities consisting of Ajax, Brock, Clarington, Oshawa, Pickering, Scugog, Uxbridge, and Whitby, which account for a total population of approximately 750,000 individuals as of 2023. As Durham Region continues to expand and increase in population, road structures will be faced with an increasing traffic load that will generate a significant amount of carbon emissions. Due to the prevailing climate concerns, the need for sustainable urban transportation is evident.

Urban transportation systems are a cornerstone of city life. They connect communities and businesses, while providing access to services, supporting economic and social activities. Maintaining a vast network of transportation systems as cities grow, becomes increasingly challenging. These challenges, consisting of traffic congestion, environmental impact, and diverse transportation needs, become of paramount concern, such that political campaigns run solely on these platforms.

Within this stock and flow model are the main variables that comprise transportation emissions within Durham Region. The urban transportation model highlights different modes of transportation in the form of stocks, which consist of public transit users (bus), fossil fuel car drivers, and EV car drivers, as well as the inflows and outflows that are influenced by various variables. 

All data used within this model was obtained from the various sources on the internet. The data used within the model is based off of estimate values. Data pertaining to population values and cities/towns that comprise Durham Region, ON obtained from the following source(s): 

**NOTE: Kindly note we have used 10 sources in total that we have referenced - 2 are listed below as these 2 sources were used for the above description - the other references are located in the variables where the sources were used. 

Regional Municipality of Durham. (n.d.). Demographics and statistics. Durham Region Economic Development and Tourism. Retrieved November 24, 2024, from https://www.durham.ca/en/economic-development/invest-and-grow/demographics-and-statistics.aspx

Regional Municipality of Durham. (n.d.). Local municipalities. Durham Region. Retrieved from https://www.durham.ca/en/regional-government/local-municipalities.aspx

Group 8 Members: Leda Alizada (100821720), Pritika Lally (100867821), Mahad Rashid (100779108), Rileigh Rodych (100515185), Sami Siddique (100460897)